19 November 2011
21 September 2011
History of engineering
| History of engineering |
| The history of engineering can be roughly divided into four overlapping phases, each marked by a revolution: |
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| References are also listed alphabetically and classified under various branches of engineering. Engineering -- An Endless Frontier focuses on modern engineering and its intellectual contents. Therefore its bibliography concentrates on developments after the scientific revolution. Extensive bibliographies for other periods and the social history of engineering are also found in GMU's virtual library and Thomas Misa's website. |
| The forerunners of engineers, practical artists and craftsmen, proceeded mainly by trial and error. Yet tinkering combined with imagination produced many marvelous devices. Many ancient monuments cannot fail to incite admiration. The admiration is embodied in the name “engineer” itself. It originated in the eleventh century from the Latin ingeniator, meaning one with ingenium, the ingenious one. The name, used for builders of ingenious fortifications or makers of ingenious devices, was closely related to the notion of ingenuity, which was captured in the old meaning of “engine” until the word was taken over by steam engines and its like. Leonardo da Vinci bore the official title of Ingegnere Generale. His notebooks reveal that some Renaissance engineers began to ask systematically what works and why. References Finch, J. K. 1978. Engineering Classics. Kensington, MD: Cedar press. Gille, B. 1966. Engineers of the Renaissance. Cambridge: MIT Press. Grafton, A. 2000. Leon Battista Alberti: Master Builder of the Italian Renaissance. New York: Hill and Wang. Hill, D. 1984. A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times. La Salle, IL: Open Court. Pacey, A. 1974. The Maze of Ingenuity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Parsons, W. B. 1939. Engineers and Engineering in the Renaissance. Cambridge: MIT Press. Singer, C., Holy, E. J., and Holmyard, E. J., and Hall, A. R., eds. 1954. A History of Technology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Smith, N A. F. 1977. The origins of the water turbine and the invention of its name. History of Technology, 2: 215-59. The first phase of modern engineering emerged in the Scientific Revolution. Galileo’s Two New Sciences, which seeks systematic explanations and adopts a scientific approach to practical problems, is a landmark regarded by many engineer historians as the beginning of structural analysis, the mathematical representation and design of building structures. This phase of engineering lasted through the First Industrial Revolution, when machines, increasingly powered by steam engines, started to replace muscles in most production. While pulling off the revolution, traditional artisans transformed themselves to modern professionals. The French, more rationalistic oriented, spearheaded civil engineering with emphasis on mathematics and developed university engineering education under the sponsorship of their government. The British, more empirically oriented, pioneered mechanical engineering and autonomous professional societies under the laissez-faire attitude of their government. Gradually, practical thinking became scientific in addition to intuitive, as engineers developed mathematical analysis and controlled experiments. Technical training shifted from apprenticeship to university education. Information flowed more quickly in organized meetings and journal publications as professional societies emerged. References Armytage, W. H. G. 1976. A Social History of Engineering. London: Faber and Faber. Benvenuto, E. 1991. An Introduction to the History of Structural Mechanics. New York: Springer-Verlag. Booker, Peter J. 1963. A History of Engineering Drawing. London: Northgate. Buchanan, R. A. 1985. The rise of scientific engineering in Britain. British Journal for the History of Science, 18: 218-33 Burstall, A. F. 1963. A History of Mechanical Engineering. London: Faber and Faber. Calvert, M. A. 1967. The Mechanical Engineer in America, 1830-1910. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins Press. Crozet, Francois. 1985. The First Industrialists: The Problems of Origins. New York: Cambridge University Press. Flond, R. 1976. The British Machine-tool industry: 1850-1914. New York: Cambridge University Press. Mayr, O. 1970. The Origins of Feedback Control. Cambridge: MIT Press. Mayr, O. 1971. Adam Smith and Concepts of Feedback System. Technology and Culture, 12: 1-22. Moss, M. S, and Hume, J. R. 1977. Workshop of the British Empire: Engineering and Shipbuilding in the West of Scotland. London: Heinemann. Moss, M. S, and Hume, J. R. 1977. Workshop of the British Empire: Engineering and Shipbuilding in the West of Scotland. London: Heinemann. Musson, A. E. and Robinson, E. 1969. Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Peters, T. F. 1987. Transitions in Engineering. Basil: Birkhäuser Verlag. Rae, J. B. and Volti, R. 1993. The Engineer in History. New York: Peter Lang. Reynolds, T. S. ed. 1991. The Engineer in America. University of Chicago Press. (Articles, mostly case studies, from Technology and Culture, preceded by two introduction on the general characteristics of American engineers). Rolt, L. T. C. 1965. A Short History of Machine Tools. Cambridge: MIT Press. Smith, Merritt Roe. 1977. Harper’s Ferry Armory and the New Technology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Straub, H. 1952. A History of Civil Engineering. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Whisker, J. B. 1997. The United States Armory at Springfield: 1795-1865. Lewiston, UK: Edwin Mellen Press. Woodbury, R. S. 1972. Studies in the History of Machine Tools. Cambridge: MIT Press. |
What is Engineering??????
Engineering is a job that takes science to an everyday use. The science that is taken into engineering is the calculations of how something is going to react for everyday problems, such as winds, rain, lightning, traffic, the environment, and etc. Also, tension and compression are a major factor for math and science. This is so because tension and compression is science by being a force. Tension and compression relates to math by being something that has to be supported by exact measurments, and calculations. As you can see on the picture below, the tension is caused by the cars and the weight the bridge is supporting. The tension from the bridge shoots up on the wires in until it reaches the top. The compression is the force caused by the tension and gravity of the earth's atmosphere. The compression is guided by the vertical poles. Once this force reaches the surface of the bridge, it guided down another bar going into the land and/or water. You may think that engineering just requires construction workers well, building a structure or bridgecan take 4-8 years and can take more than 600 people to finish a structure. Can you believe that there is a job just for measuring the math and science of tension and compression.
18 September 2011
college life
What is College life.......???????
College life is said to be the most knowledgeable phase in the life of an individual, where he learns a lot about life. At the same time, it is the an extremely enjoyable time, when you make lots of friends, party throughout the night and lose yourself in the bliss that life offers. College life reflects the best years of our life, which once gone, will never ever come back. So, it is advisable to make the most of them. In case you are about to join university and want to have an idea as to how it will turn out to be, go through the quotes given below. They will tell you a lot about college life.Quotes
College is the best time of your life. When else are your parents going to spend several thousand dollars a year just for you to go to a strange town and get drunk every night?
- David Wood
College is like a fountain of knowledge – and the students are there to drink
- Author Unknown
College is a refuge from hasty judgment.
- Robert Frost
College is a place to keep warm between high school and an early marriage.
- George Gobel
Colleges are like old-age homes, except for the fact that more people die in colleges.
- Bob Dylan quotes
A college is a place where pebbles are polished and diamonds dimmed.
- Robert Ingersoll
Colleges don’t make fools, they only develop them.”
- George Lorimer
A man who has never gone to school may steal from a freight car; but if he has a university education, he may steal the whole railroad.
- Theodore Roosevelt
Economists report that a college education adds many thousands of dollars to a man’s lifetime income–which he then spends sending his son to college.
- Bill Vaughn
The first two years of college are vocabulary lessons. The second two years are spent learning who to ask and where to look it up.” – Bill Austin
Does college pay? They do if you are a good open-field runner.
- Will Rogers
A college education shows a man how little other people know.
- Thomas Chandler Haliburton
College football is a sport that bears the same relation to education that bullfighting does to agriculture.
- Elbert Hubbard
I learned three important things in college – to use a library, to memorize quickly and visually, to drop asleep at any time given a horizontal surface and fifteen minutes.
- Agnes DeMille (Dance to the Piper)
The purpose of primary education is the development of your weak characteristics; the purpose of university education, the development of your strong.
- Nevin Fenneman
A university is a college with a stadium seating over 40,000.
- Leonard L. Levinson
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